Conceptual Semantic Categories of Lojban gismu
An incomplete work in progress
Categories
- Knowledge and the mind
- Emotions
- Personality traits
- Senses, sensations, & observation
- Colors
- Noise, music, & sound
- Logic
- Mathematics
- Science
- Chemical elements
- Astronomy
- Living things
- Plants
- Animals
- Bodily functions
- Body parts
- People
- Family
- Society & interaction
- Communication
- Language & grammar
- Literature & writing
- Government, law, & territory
- Commands & obedience
- Religion
- Nationalities & cultures
- Location & direction
- Movement & transportation
- Roads & pathways
- Vehicles
- Money, trade, etc.
- Possession
- Work & employment
- Amounts
- Weights & measures
- Numeric & metric prefixes
- Size & weight (subjective)
- Comparisons
- Properties
- Events
- Processes & activities
- Causation
- Materials & substances
- Material properties
- Physical transformations
- Tools
- Technology
- Contexts
- Geological & geographical features
- Weather
- Seasons
- Light & daytime
- Shapes
- Groups & parts
- Temperature
- Time
- Food & drink (excluding plants & animals)
- Clothes
- Buildings & architecture
- Furniture
- Cultivation
- War & conflict
- Morality
- Protection, safety, & danger
- Health & medicine
- Manufacturing
- Growth, development, & age
- Organization
- Special
- Uncategorized
Knowledge and the mind
- pensi — think
- djuno — know
- cuxna — choose
- menli — mind
- jdice — decide
- sidbo — idea
- sruma — assume
- smadi — guess
- senpi — doubt
- platu — plan
- krici — believe
- morji — remember
- jijnu — intuit
- jimpe — understand
- cilre — learn
- facki — discover
- lanli — analyze
- fatci — fact
- xanri — imaginary
- xusra — assert
- jinvi — opine
- tugni — agree
- datni — data
Emotions
- badri — sad
- burna — embarrassed
- cinmo — emotion
- ckeji — ashamed
- ckire — grateful
- djica — desire
- fengu — angry
- fenki — crazy
- gleki — happy
- jilra — jealous
- junri — serious
- xalbo — levity
- kecti — pity
- prami — love
- xebni — hate
- xenru — regret
- zungi — guilt
- xalni — panic
- xanka — nervous
- dunku — anguish
- steba — frustration
- manci — wonder
- kucli — curious
- terpa — fear
- jgira — pride
- birti — certain
- pacna — hope
- nelci — fond
- sinma — esteem
- kufra — comfort
Personality traits
- virnu — brave
- stace — honest
- xarnu — stubborn
- bebna — foolish
- cumla — humble
- darsi — audacity
- jundi — attentive
- lazni — lazy
- xendo — kind
- clite — polite
Senses, sensations, & observation
- sumne — smell
- viska — see
- vrusi — taste
- catlu — look
- tirna — hear
- ganse — sense
- panci — odor
- sanji — conscious
- zgana — observe
- simlu — seem
- cpina — pungent
- cortu — pain
- Texture:
- Tastes:
Colors
- blabi — white
- blanu — blue
- bunre — brown
- cicna — cyan
- crino — green
- grusi — gray
- zirpu — purple
- narju — orange
- nukni — magenta
- pelxu — yellow
- xunre — red
- skari — color
- xekri — black
Noise, music, & sound
- zgike — music
- tonga — tone
- siclu — whistle
- savru — noise
- sance — sound
- sanga — sing
- cladu — loud
- smaji — quiet
- rilti — rhythm
- Musical instruments:
- Non-linguistic utterances:
Logic
- logji — logic
- jetnu — true
- jitfa — false
- nibli — necessitate
- kanxe — conjunction
- vlina — alternation
- natfe — deny
Mathematics
- cmaci — mathematics
- kurfa — square
- linji — line
- mekso — MEX
- namcu — number
- parbi — ratio
- pilji — multiply
- radno — radian
- dugri — logarithm
- fancu — function
- frinu — fraction
- tenfa — exponential
- tanjo — tangent
- sumji — sum
- stero — steradian
- sinso — sine
- kubli — cube
- kanji — calculate
- kancu — count
- jganu — angle
- dilcu — quotient
- plita — plane
- saclu — decimal
Science
- saske — science
- ratni — atom
- munje — universe
- minra — reflect
- mosra — friction
- danre — pressure
- nejni — energy
- maksi — magnet
- kantu — quantum
- xukmi — chemical
Chemical elements
- cidro — hydrogen
- cnisa — lead
- jilka — alkali
- kijno — oxygen
- kliru — chlorine
- margu — mercury
- navni — neon
- nikle — nickel
- rijno — silver
- sliri — sulfur
- sodna — sodium
- solji — gold
- tabno — carbon
- tinci — tin
- tirse — iron
- trano — nitrogen
- tunka — copper
- zinki — zinc
Astronomy
- mluni — satellite
- plini — planet
- lunra — lunar
- kensa — outer space
- terdi — earth
- solri — solar
- tarci — star
Living things
- jmive — live
- morsi — dead
- jgina — gene
- tsiju — seed
- sovda — egg
- mledi — mold
- lanbi — protein
- jutsi — species
Plants
- cindu — oak
- ckunu — conifer
- latna — lotus
- marna — hemp
- tujli — tulip
- tricu — tree
- tanko — tobacco
- srasu — grass
- spati — plant
- xrula — flower
- rozgu — rose
- clika — mossy
- Edible vegetation:
- Botanical anatomy:
Animals
- danlu — animal
- curnu — worm
- Vertebrates:
- banfi — amphibian
- finpe — fish
- since — snake
- respa — reptile
- Mammals:
- mabru — mammal
- bakni — bovine
- ladru — milk
- cinfo — lion
- gerku — dog
- kanba — goat
- kumte — camel
- lanme — sheep
- labno — wolf
- lorxu — fox
- mirli — deer
- mlatu — cat
- ractu — rabbit
- ratcu — rat
- cribe — bear
- xarju — pig
- xanto — elephant
- xasli — donkey
- tirxu — tiger
- xirma — horse
- smani — monkey
- smacu — mouse
- remna — human
- Birds:
- Arthropods:
Bodily functions
- xasne — sweat
- xagji — hunger
- vikmi — excrete
- vasxu — breathe
- vamtu — vomit
- tunlo — swallow
- taske — thirst
- tatpi — tired
- sputu — spit
- rorci — procreate
- pinca — urine
- kalci — feces
- jbena — born
- gletu — copulate
- kafke — cough
- senci — sneeze
- cinse — sexual
- sipna — sleep
- cikna — awake
- fetsi — female
- nakni — male
Body parts
- bongu — bone
- ciblu — blood
- denci — tooth
- galxe — throat
- ganti — gonad
- ganxo — anus
- tatru — breast
- tance — tongue
- tarbi — embryo
- xedja — jaw
- External anatomy:
- stedu — head
- xadni — body
- vlagi — vulva
- tamji — thumb
- vibna — vagina
- tuple — leg
- degji — finger
- xance — hand
- pinji — penis
- skapi — pelt
- mebri — brow
- moklu — mouth
- nazbi — nose
- jamfu — foot
- janco — shoulder
- kanla — eye
- kerfa — hair
- kerlo — ear
- zargu — buttock
- flira — face
- cutne — chest
- birka — arm
- cidni — knee
- cnebo — neck
- ctebi — lip
- betfu — abdomen
- plibu — pubic
- Internal organs:
- Non-human body parts:
People
Family
- bersa — son
- bruna — brother
- lanzu — family
- mamta — mother
- mensi — sister
- patfu — father
- famti — aunt or uncle
- tunba — sibling
- tixnu — daughter
- tamne — cousin
- panzi — offspring
- rirni — parent
- dzena — elder
Society & interaction
Communication
- bacru — utter
- cpedu — request
- cusku — express
- danfu — answer
- tavla — talk
- pinka — comment
- spuda — reply
- skicu — describe
- rinsa — greet
- preti — question
- pikci — beg
- pante — protest
- nupre — promise
- casnu — discuss
- ciksi — explain
- darlu — argue
- stidi — suggest
- notci — message
- xatra — letter
- voksa — voice
Language & grammar
- bridi — predicate
- gerna — grammar
- gismu — root word
- jufra — sentence
- valsi — word
- tanru — phrase compound
- sumti — argument
- cmavo — structure word
- lujvo — affix compound
- pandi — punctuate
- gadri — article
- bangu — language
- lerfu — letteral
- slaka — syllable
- rimni — rhyme
- rafsi — affix
- fanva — translate
Literature & writing
- cukta — book
- pemci — poem
- ciska — write
- papri — page
- prosa — prose
- tcidu — read
- lisri — story
- karni — journal
- cfika — fiction
Government, law, & territory
- turni — govern
- pajni — judge
- catni — authority
- flalu — law
- zekri — crime
- pulji — police
- jansu — diplomat
- tutra — territory
- Political divisions:
Commands & obedience
- minde — command
- tinbe — obey
- fuzme — responsible
- jitro — control
- jatna — captain
- lacri — rely
- javni — rule
- vipsi — deputy
- sfasa — punish
Religion
Nationalities & cultures
- kulnu — culture
- ranmi — myth
- nobli — noble
- baxso — Malay-Indonesian
- polno — Polynesian
- xispo — Hispanic
- slovo — Slavic
- skoto — Scottish
- semto — Semitic
- Languages:
- bengo — Bengali
- glico — English
- latmo — Latin
- lojbo — Lojbanic
- xurdo — Urdu
- xrabo — Arabic
- xindo — Hindi
- xebro — Hebrew
- srito — Sanskrit
- dotco — German
- fraso — French
- jungo — Chinese
- ponjo — Japanese
- porto — Portuguese
- xelso — Greek
- spano — Spanish
- rusko — Russian
- meljo — Malaysian
- bindo — Indonesian
- vukro — Ukrainian
- Nationalities:
- brazo — Brazilian
- brito — British
- dotco — German
- filso — Palestinian
- fraso — French
- jordo — Jordanian
- jungo — Chinese
- kadno — Canadian
- libjo — Libyan
- lubno — Lebanese
- merko — American
- mexno — Mexican
- misro — Egyptian
- ponjo — Japanese
- porto — Portuguese
- kisto — Pakistani
- meljo — Malaysian
- morko — Moroccan
- bindo — Indonesian
- gento — Argentinian
- jerxo — Algerian
- xelso — Greek
- vukro — Ukrainian
- spano — Spanish
- sadjo — Saudi
- rusko — Russian
- rakso — Iraqi
- softo — Soviet
- sirxo — Syrian
- sralo — Australian
- Religions:
- Continents:
Location & direction
- zunle — left
- stuna — east
- stici — west
- snanu — south
- berti — north
- farna — direction
- pritu — right
- zvati — at
- cnita — beneath
- gapru — above
- jibni — near
- trixe — behind
- nenri — in
- mokca — point
- lamji — adjacent
- ragve — across
- bartu — out
- cpana — upon
- darno — far
- diklo — local
- dizlo — low
- galtu — high
- jbini — between
- stuzi — site
- sruri — surround
- mlana — side
- crane — front
- midju — middle
Movement & transportation
- bajra — run
- vofli — flight
- muvdu — move
- litru — travel
- limna — swim
- cadzu — walk
- cliva — leave
- cpare — climb
- stapa — step
- sfubu — dive
- plipe — leap
- klama — come
- sakli — slide
- flecu — flow
- gunro — roll
- farlu — fall
- fulta — float
- jabre — brake
- pagre — pass through
- lafti — lift
- jersi — chase
- carna — turn
- catke — shove
- benji — transfer
- bevri — carry
- punji — put
- lacpu — pull
Roads & pathways
Vehicles
- bloti — boat
- marce — vehicle
- carce — cart
- vinji — airplane
- karce — car
- trene — train
- jakne — rocket
- sabnu — cabin
Money, trade, etc.
- jdini — money
- rupnu — dollar
- fepni — cent
- sicni — coin
- banxa — bank
- jdima — price
- zarci — market
- vecnu — sell
- zivle — invest
- cteki — tax
- ricfu — rich
- prali — profit
- pleji — pay
- canja — exchange
- kargu — costly
- pindi — poor
- kagni — company
- vamji — value
- janta — account
Possession
Work & employment
Amounts
- mutce — much
- zenba — increase
- jdika — decrease
- cimni — infinite
- klani — quantity
- dukse — excess
- banzu — suffice
- claxu — without
Weights & measures
Numeric & metric prefixes
- gocti — 1E-24
- zepti — 1E-21
- xatsi — 1E-18
- femti — 1E-15
- picti — 1E-12
- nanvi — 1E-9
- mikri — 1E-6
- milti — .001
- centi — .01
- decti — .1
- xadba — half
- dekto — 10
- xecto — 100
- kilto — 1000
- megdo — 1E6
- gigdo — 1E9
- terto — 1E12
- petso — 1E15
- xexso — 1E18
- zetro — 1E21
- gotro — 1E24
Size & weight (subjective)
- barda — big
- cmalu — small
- tilju — heavy
- linto — lightweight
- tordu — short
- clani — long
- cinla — thin
- ganra — broad
- jarki — narrow
- condi — deep
- caxno — shallow
- rotsu — thick
Comparisons
- zmadu — more
- mleca — less
- dukti — opposite
- panra — parallel
- simsa — similar
- drata — other
- dunli — equal
- mintu — same
- traji — superlative
- bancu — beyond
- karbi — compare
- frica — differ
- fatne — reverse
Properties
- ckaji — quality
- cnano — norm
- fadni — ordinary
- kampu — common
- milxe — mild
- manfo — uniform
- carmi — intense
- kandi — dim
Events
- zukte — act
- fasnu — event
- rapli — repeat
- cumki — possible
- krefu — recur
- cafne — often
- dikni — regular
Processes & activities
- pruce — process
- sisti — cease
- cfari — initiate
- fanmo — end
- denpa — wait
- tadji — method
- dicra — interrupt
- macnu — manual
- ranji — continue
Causation
Materials & substances
- bakri — chalk
- blaci — glass
- marji — material
- matli — linen
- romge — chrome
- ransu — bronze
- purmo — powder
- pesxu — paste
- pelji — paper
- mudri — wood
- livla — fuel
- lastu — brass
- lakse — wax
- kunra — mineral
- korka — cork
- kolme — coal
- kliti — clay
- canre — sand
- xinmo — ink
- sunla — wool
- staku — ceramic
- jinme — metal
- jalna — starch
- grasu — grease
- gasta — steel
- dertu — dirt
- ctile — petroleum
- ckabu — rubber
- bukpu — cloth
- zbabu — soap
- cinta — paint
- tarla — tar
- slasi — plastic
- panje — sponge
- krili — crystal
- skori — cord
- fagri — fire
- djacu — water
- vacri — air
- litki — liquid
- sligu — solid
- slami — acid
- gapci — gas
- silka — silk
- rokci — rock
- bisli — ice
- vindu — poison
- fonmo — foam
- mapni — cotton
- pulce — dust
Material properties
- tinsa — stiff
- trati — taut
- jdari — firm
- ranti — soft
- sudga — dry
- viknu — viscous
- cilmo — moist
- denmi — dense
- pruni — elastic
Physical transformations
- porpi — break
- sraku — scratch
- polje — fold
- lunsa — condense
- katna — cut
- runme — melt
- runta — dissolve
- zalvi — grind
- torni — twist
- dunja — freeze
- febvi — boil
- spoja — explode
- marxa — mash
- preja — spread
Tools
- burcu — brush
- cabra — apparatus
- canpa — shovel
- cinza — tongs
- dakfu — knife
- forca — fork
- klupe — screw
- tutci — tool
- xislu — wheel
- pulni — pulley
- vraga — lever
- smuci — spoon
- pinsi — pencil
- pijne — pin
- penbi — pen
- mruli — hammer
- komcu — comb
- balre — blade
- ckiku — key
- jendu — axle
- jinci — shears
- julne — net
- sacki — match
- santa — umbrella
- pambe — pump
- cfine — wedge
- salpo — slope
- dinko — nail
- batke — button
- linsi — chain
- falnu — sail
- garna — rail
- lenjo — lens
- junla — clock
- Containers:
Technology
- tivni — television
- toknu — oven
- kacma — camera
- cradi — radio
- fonxa — telephone
- vidni — video
- minji — machine
- skina — cinema
- skami — computer
- matra — motor
- dikca — electric
Contexts
Geological & geographical features
Weather
- bratu — hail
- tcima — weather
- lindi — lightning
- carvi — rain
- bumru — fog
- snime — snow
- brife — breeze
- dilnu — cloud
Seasons
Light & daytime
- donri — daytime
- nicte — night
- vanci — evening
- cerni — morning
- manku — dark
- gusni — illumine
- murse — glimmering
Shapes
- sarlu — spiral
- salpo — slope
- konju — cone
- bargu — arch
- tubnu — tube
- tarmi — shape
- grana — rod
- djine — ring
- cukla — round
- clupa — loop
- bliku — block
- bolci — ball
- cfine — wedge
- cilta — thread
- jgena — knot
- tapla — tile
- slanu — cylinder
- kruvi — curve
- skuro — groove
- bidju — bead
- fenra — crack
- genxu — hook
- kevna — cavity
- foldi — field
- jesni — needle
- tanbo — board
- senta — layer
- snuji — sandwich
- boxfo — sheet
- cinje — wrinkle
- korcu — bent
Groups & parts
- bakfu — bundle
- cecmu — community
- girzu — group
- bende — crew
- kamni — committee
- cmima — member
- pagbu — part
- liste — list
- klesi — class
- gunma — jointly
- spisa — piece
- porsi — sequence
Temperature
Time
Food & drink (excluding plants & animals)
Clothes
- pastu — robe
- taxfu — garment
- smoka — sock
- skaci — skirt
- palku — pants
- kosta — coat
- gluta — glove
- creka — shirt
- mapku — cap
- daski — pocket
- cutci — shoe
- dasni — wear
Buildings & architecture
- bitmu — wall
- vorme — door
- serti — stairs
- drudi — roof
- dinju — building
- cripu — bridge
- balni — balcony
- canko — window
- kamju — column
- loldi — floor
- kumfa — room
- tsina — stage
- Specific types of buildings:
Furniture
Cultivation
War & conflict
- jamna — war
- xarci — weapon
- sonci — soldier
- bilni — military
- jenmi — army
- bradi — enemy
- damba — fight
- fapro — oppose
- panpi — peace
Morality
Protection, safety, & danger
Health & medicine
- kanro — healthy
- mikce — doctor
- jinku — vaccine
- jurme — germ
- vidru — virus
- kenra — cancer
- bilma — ill
- xrani — injure
Manufacturing
Growth, development, & age
Organization
Special
- broda — predicate var 1
- brode — predicate var 2
- brodi — predicate var 3
- brodo — predicate var 4
- brodu — predicate var 5
Uncategorized
- banli — great
- barna — mark
- basna — emphasize
- basti — replace
- batci — bite
- betri — tragedy
- bikla — whip
- bilga — obliged
- binra — insure
- binxo — become
- boxna — wave
- bredi — ready
- briju — office
- calku — shell
- canci — vanish
- cando — idle
- canlu — space
- cartu — chart
- catra — kill
- cecla — launcher
- cenba — vary
- cerda — heir
- certu — expert
- cfila — flaw
- cfipu — confusing
- cikre — repair
- cilce — wild
- cinba — kiss
- cinri — interesting
- cipra — test
- cirko — lose
- cisma — smile
- ciste — system
- citri — history
- cizra — strange
- ckasu — ridicule
- ckini — related
- cmene — name
- cmila — laugh
- cnemu — reward
- cnino — new
- cokcu — soak up
- cpacu — get
- crida — fairy
- ctaru — tide
- ctino — shadow
- ctuca — teach
- cunso — random
- cuntu — affair
- curmi — let
- curve — pure
- dacti — object
- dandu — hang
- danmo — smoke
- dansu — dance
- danti — projectile
- dapma — curse
- darxi — hit
- daspo — destroy
- dasri — ribbon
- derxi — heap
- desku — shake
- dimna — fate
- dirba — dear
- dirce — radiate
- dirgo — drop
- draci — drama
- drani — correct
- fange — alien
- fanta — prevent
- fanza — annoy
- fatri — distribute
- fendi — divide
- fenso — sew
- ferti — fertile
- festi — waste
- finti — invent
- fliba — fail
- fraxu — forgive
- frili — easy
- friti — offer
- frumu — frown
- fukpi — copy
- funca — luck
- fusra — rotten
- gacri — cover
- galfi — modify
- ganlo — closed
- gidva — guide
- ginka — camp
- greku — frame
- gubni — public
- gunta — attack
- guska — scrape
- jadni — adorn
- janli — collide
- jarco — show
- jaspu — passport
- jbama — bomb
- jelca — burn
- jemna — gem
- jenca — shock
- jetce — jet
- jgari — grasp
- jicla — stir
- jicmu — basis
- jimte — limit
- jinga — win
- jinru — immerse
- jinsa — clean
- jinto — well
- jinzi — innate
- jipno — tip
- jisra — juice
- jivbu — weave
- jivna — compete
- jmaji — gather
- jmifa — shoal
- jmina — add
- jorne — joined
- judri — address
- jukpa — cook
- jursa — severe
- juxre — clumsy
- jvinu — view
- kakne — able
- kakpa — dig
- kalri — open
- kalte — hunt
- kansa — with
- karda — card
- karli — collar
- kelci — play
- kicne — cushion
- kinli — sharp
- klaku — weep
- klina — clear
- kluza — loose
- kojna — corner
- korbi — edge
- krasi — source
- krati — represent
- kruca — intersect
- kurji — take care of
- kuspe — range
- kusru — cruel
- lakne — probable
- lanci — flag
- lanxe — balance
- larcu — art
- lasna — fasten
- lidne — precede
- lifri — experience
- lumci — wash
- lunbe — bare
- mabla — derogative
- makfa — magic
- mansa — satisfy
- mapti — fit
- masno — slow
- matci — mat
- melbi — beautiful
- mifra — code
- mipri — secret
- misno — famous
- mixre — mixture
- morna — pattern
- mrilu — mail
- mucti — immaterial
- mulno — complete
- mupli — example
- murta — curtain
- nabmi — problem
- nandu — difficult
- nitcu — need
- nivji — knit
- nurma — rural
- nutli — neutral
- nuzba — news
- panka — park
- panlo — slice
- pencu — touch
- pikta — ticket
- pilka — crust
- pilno — use
- pinfu — prisoner
- pinta — level
- pixra — picture
- plana — plump
- pluja — complicated
- pluka — pleasant
- prane — perfect
- prije — wise
- prina — print
- punli — swelling
- racli — sane
- raktu — trouble
- ralci — delicate
- ralju — principal
- randa — yield
- ranxi — irony
- rarna — natural
- renro — throw
- renvi — survive
- rigni — disgusting
- rinci — drain
- rinju — restrain
- rirci — rare
- rivbi — avoid
- ruble — weak
- sabji — provide
- sakci — suck
- salci — celebrate
- sampu — simple
- sanli — stand
- sarcu — necessary
- sarji — support
- sarxe — harmonious
- satci — exact
- satre — stroke
- sazri — operate
- sefta — surface
- selci — cell
- selfu — serve
- senva — dream
- sepli — apart
- setca — insert
- sevzi — self
- sidju — help
- sigja — cigar
- simxu — mutual
- sinxa — sign
- sirji — straight
- sisku — seek
- sitna — cite
- sivni — private
- skiji — ski
- slabu — familiar
- slilu — oscillate
- smuni — meaning
- snada — succeed
- snuti — accidental
- sorcu — store
- spaji — surprise
- spali — polish
- spofu — broken
- sraji — vertical
- srana — pertain
- srera — err
- stali — remain
- stati — talent
- steci — specific
- stela — lock
- stika — adjust
- stodi — constant
- stura — structure
- sucta — abstract
- suksa — sudden
- surla — relax
- sutra — fast
- tadni — study
- tagji — snug
- talsa — challenge
- tarti — behave
- tcaci — custom
- tcana — station
- tcena — stretch
- tcica — deceive
- tcila — detail
- tcita — label
- tigni — perform
- tikpa — kick
- trina — attract
- troci — try
- tsali — strong
- tsani — sky
- tunta — poke
- vajni — important
- venfu — revenge
- vifne — fresh
- vimcu — remove
- vitci — irregular
- vitke — guest
- vitno — permanent
- vlile — violent
- vlipa — powerful
- vreji — record
- vreta — reclining
- vrici — miscellaneous
- xabju — dwell
- xajmi — funny
- xaksu — use up
- xlura — influence
- xruti — return
- zabna — favorable
- zajba — gymnast
- zanru — approve
- zasni — temporary
- zasti — exist
- zbepi — pedestal
- zdile — amusing
- zifre — free
- zmiku — automatic
- zunti — interfere
- zutse — sit